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Charles Folger

Charles Folger

Charles James Folger (April 16, 1818–September 4, 1884) was an American politician, jurist and U.S. Secretary of the Treasury. Born in Nantucket, he was a lawyer and in 1844 became a judge of the common pleas court of New York, and then a county judge from 1851 to 1855. He was a member of the New York Senate from 1862 to 1869 and a delegate to the N.Y. constitutional convention in 1867. He was also a delegate to the Republican National Convention in 1868. He was a judge for the New York Court of Appeals from 1870 to 1880, and chief judge of that body from 1880 to 1881, when he was appointed United States Secretary of the Treasury serving until his death at Geneva, New York while still in office in 1884. Appointed Secretary by President Chester A. Arthur, Folger presided over the greatest surplus the government had ever had. Folger, Charles J. Folger, Charles J. Folger, Charles J. Folger, Charles J. Folger, Charles J.

1818

1818 is a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar.

Events

- January 3 21:52 UTC - Venus occulted Jupiter. It was the last occultation of a planet by an other planet before November 22nd, 2065. Unfortunately no observation reports from this event visible in the Pacific area are known.
- February 12 - Chile gains its independence from Spain
- March 11 - Mary Shelley's Frankenstein is published
- March 22 - Easter Sunday falls on its earliest possible date. The next time Easter will fall this early: 2285.
- April 4 - The U.S. Congress adopts the flag of the United States as having 13 red and white stripes and one star for each state (20 stars) with additional stars to be added whenever a new state is added to the Union.
- September 7 - Carl III of Sweden-Norway is crowned king of Norway, in Trondheim.
- October 20 - A convention between the U.S. and the United Kingdom establishes the northern boundary as the forty-ninth parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains, also creating the Northwest Angle
- November 11 Establishment of Anglo-Chinese College
- December 3 - Illinois is admitted as the 21st U.S. state.
- December 24 - "Silent Night" composed by Franz Xaver Gruber and vicar Joseph Mohn when the church organs fail
- December 25 - The first performance of "Silent Night" (Church of St. Nikolaus in Oberndorf, Austria).
- Karl XIV Johan becomes King of Sweden.
- Anglo-Chinese College founded by Robert Morrison in Malacca.
- Lord Hastings, governor-general of India, gives approval to Sir Stamford Raffles to establish trading station at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula (modern-day Singapore)

Births

- April 8 - King Christian IX of Denmark (d. 1906)
- April 29 - Emperor Alexander II of Russia (d. 1881)
- May 5 - Karl Marx, German political philosopher (d. 1883)
- June 17 - Charles Gounod, French composer (d. 1893)
- July 30 - Emily Brontë, British novelist (d. 1848)
- September 27 - Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, German chemist (d. 1884)
- October 8 - John Henninger Reagan, American Confederate politician (d. 1905)
- October 18 - Edward Ord, U.S. Army officer (d. 1883)
- November 9 (October 28 (O.S.)) - Ivan Turgenev, Russian writer (d. 1883)
- November 29 - George Brown, Canadian polititian (d. 1880)
- December 13 - Mary Todd Lincoln, First Lady of the United States (d. 1882)
- December 24 - James Prescott Joule, British physicist (d. 1889)
- Frederick Douglass, American abolitionist author and statesman (d. 1895)
- Angelo Secchi, Italian astronomer (d. 1878)

Deaths

- February 5 - Charles XIII/Charles II, King of Sweden and Norway (b.1748)
- February 15 - Friedrich Ludwig, Fürst zu Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen, Prussian general (b. 1746)
- March 4 - Johann David Wyss, Swiss author (b. 1743)
- May 10 - Paul Revere, American patriot and silversmith (b. 1735)
- October 28 - Abigail Adams, First Lady of the United States (b. 1744)
- October 28 - Henry Jacques Guillaume Clarke, duc de Feltre, French marshal and politician (b. 1765)
- November 17 - Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, queen of George III of the United Kingdom (b. 1744) Category:1818 ko:1818년 ms:1818

1884

1884 is a leap year starting on Tuesday (click on link to calendar).

Events

- January 4 - The Fabian Society is founded in London.
- January 18 - Dr William Price attempts to cremate the body of his infant son, Jesus Christ Price, setting a legal precedent for cremation in the UK.
- February 1 - Edition one of the Oxford English Dictionary is published.
- March 13 - The siege of Khartoum, Sudan begins (ends on January 26, 1885).
- April 22 - Colchester earthquake, England; the UK's most destructive.
- May 1 - the first proclamation of eight-hour workday by the Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions in the United States. May 1st, called May Day or Labour Day, is now a holiday recognized in almost every industrialized country.
- July 5 - Germany takes possession of Cameroon.
- August 5 - The cornerstone for the Statue of Liberty is laid on Bedloe's Island in New York Harbor.
- August 10 - A severe earthquake, magnitude 5.5, (intensity VII) occurs off the northeast Atlantic coast. The area affected extends from central Virginia to southern Maine, and west as far as Cleveland.
- October - International Meridian Conference in Washington, D.C. fixes the Greenwich meridian as the world's prime meridian.
- October 6 - United States Naval War College established in Newport, Rhode Island.
- October 18 - University of Wales, Bangor (UK) founded.
- October 22 - The first woman recieves a degree from an Irish university. The degree is granted by the Royal University of Ireland.
- November 1 - The Irish Gaelic Athletic Association is founded in Thurles, Ireland.
- November 2 - Timisoara is the first town of Europe with streets illuminated by electric light.
- November 4 - U.S. presidential election: Democrat Grover Cleveland defeats Republican James G. Blaine in a very close contest to win the first of his non-consecutive terms.
- November 15 - The Berlin Conference which regulated European colonisation and trade in Africa begins (ends February 26, 1885).
- November 25 - British surgeon John Dooglee makes the first successful removal of a brain tumor.
- December 1 - American Old West - Near Frisco, New Mexico (now Reserve, New Mexico), deputy sheriff Elfego Baca holds off a gang of 80 Texan cowboys who want to kill him for arresting cowboy Charles McCarthy (the cowboys were terrorizing the area's Hispanos and Baca was working against them).
- December 6 - Washington Monument was completed.
- December 16 - World Cotton Centennial World's Fair opens in New Orleans, Louisiana.
- Bechuanaland becomes British protectorate.
- Stefan-Boltzmann law reformulated by Ludwig Boltzmann.
- British Police officers go on armed patrol in London.
- Mark Twain writes The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.

Environmental change

- The Water Hyacinth is introduced in the US and quickly becomes an invasive species

Births

January-March

- January 2 - Oscar Micheaux, American filmmaker and author (d. 1951)
- January 12 - Texas Guinan, American vaudeville performer (d. 1933)
- January 13 - Sophie Tucker, Russian-born singer and comedienne (d. 1966)
- January 21 - Roger Baldwin, American social activist (d. 1981)
- January 23 - Ralph DePalma, Italian-born race car driver (d. 1956)
- January 28 - Auguste Piccard, Swiss physicist, balloonist, and inventor (d. 1962)
- January 31 - Theodor Heuss, German politician and publicist (d. 1963)
- February 12 - Max Beckmann, German painter and graphic artist (d. 1950)
- February 12 - Marie Vassilieff, Russian artist (d. 1957)
- February 13 - Alfred Carlton Gilbert, American athlete and inventor (d. 1961)
- February 14 - Hezekiah M. Washburn, missionary (d. 1972)
- February 16 - Robert J. Flaherty, American filmmaker (d. 1951)
- February 18 - Andrew Watson Myles, Canadian politician (d. 1970)
- February 22 - Abe Attell, American boxer (d. 1970)
- March 1 - Isaac Todhunter, English mathematician (b. 1820)
- March 13 - Sir Hugh Walpole, English novelist (d. 1941)
- March 17 - Alcide Nunez, American jazz musician (d. 1934)
- March 24 - Peter Debye, Dutch chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1966)
- March 25 - Georges Imbert, Alsatian chemist (d. 1950)
- March 26 - Wilhelm Backhaus, German pianist (d. 1969)

April-December

- April 4 - Isoroku Yamamoto, Japanese naval commander (d. 1943)
- April 6 - Walter Huston, actor (d. 1950)
- April 12 - Otto Fritz Meyerhof, Germn-born physician and biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1951)
- May 1 - Henry Norwest, Canadian World War I sniper (d. 1918)
- May 8 - Harry S. Truman, 33rd President of the United States (d. 1972)
- May 10 - Olga Petrova English-born actress (d. 1977)
- May 14 - Claudius Dornier, German aircraft designer (d. 1969)
- May 27 - Max Brod, Austrian author (d. 1968)
- May 28 - Edvard Beneš, Austrian politician (d. 1948)
- July 12 - Amedeo Modigliani, Italian painter and sculptor (d. 1920)
- July 23 - Emil Jannings, Swiss actor (d. 1950)
- August 23 - Will Cuppy, American humorist (d. 1949)
- August 30 - Theodor Svedberg, Swedish chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1971)
- September 17 - Charles Tomlinson Griffes, American composer (d. 1920)
- October 11 - Friedrich Bergius, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1949)
- October 11 - Eleanor Roosevelt, First Lady of the United States (d. 1962)
- November 19 - José Raúl Capablanca, Cuban chess player (d. 1942)
- November 20 - Norman Thomas, American social reformer (d. 1968)
- December 30 - Tojo Hideki, Prime Minister of Japan (d. 1948)

Exact month/day unknown

- M. Louise Gross, American politician and lobbyist (d. 1951)
- Claudius Dornier, German aeroplane builder

Deaths

- January 6 - Gregor Mendel, Austrian geneticist (b. 1822)
- January 25 - Johann Gottfried Piefke, German conductor and composer (b. 1815)
- March 21 - Ezra Abbot, American Bible scholar (b. 1819)
- April 4 - Marie Bashkirtseff, Russian artist (b. 1858)
- May 12 - Bedrich Smetana, Czech composer (b. 1824)
- May 13 - Cyrus McCormick, American inventor (b. 1809)
- June 25 - Hans Rott, Austrian composer (b. 1858)
- July 1 - Allan Pinkerton, American detective (b. 1819)
- July 10 - Paul Morphy, American chess player (b. 1837)
- November 25 - Adolph Wilhelm Hermann Kolbe, German chemist (b. 1818) Category:1884 ko:1884년 ms:1884 simple:1884 th:พ.ศ. 2427

U.S. Secretary of the Treasury

The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and, until 2003, some issues of national security and defense. This position in the Federal Government of the United States is analogous to the finance ministers of other nations. Most of the Department's law enforcement agencies such as the ATF, Customs Service, and Secret Service were reassigned to other Departments in 2003 in conjunction with the creation of the Department of Homeland Security. The Secretary is a member of the President's Cabinet. From the U.S. Department of the Treasury website:

"The Secretary of the Treasury is the principal economic advisor to the President and plays a critical role in policy-making by bringing an economic and government financial policy perspective to issues facing the government. The Secretary is responsible for formulating and recommending domestic and international financial, economic, and tax policy, participating in the formulation of broad fiscal policies that have general significance for the economy, and managing the public debt. The Secretary oversees the activities of the Department in carrying out its major law enforcement responsibilities; in serving as the financial agent for the United States Government; and in manufacturing coins and currency.

"The Chief Financial Officer of the government, the Secretary serves as Chairman Pro Tempore of the President's Economic Policy Council, Chairman of the Boards and Managing Trustee of the Social Security and Medicare Trust Funds, and as U.S. Governor of the International Monetary Fund, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the Inter-American Development Bank, the Asian Development Bank, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development."

The Secretary along with the Treasurer must sign Federal Reserve notes before they can become legal tender.

List of Secretaries of the Treasury

Acting Secretaries of the Treasury

- Because of the resignation of Deputy Secretary of Treasury Roger Altman in August of 1994, Under Secretary of Treasury for Domestic Finance Frank Newman served from December 22, 1994 to January 11, 1995 as Acting Secretary of Treasury.
- Deputy Secretary of Treasury Kenneth W Dam served as Acting Secretary of Treasury from December 31, 2002 to February 3, 2003.

Reference

External link

- [http://www.ustreas.gov/education/history/secretaries/index.html U.S Department of the Treasury Complete list] Treasury United States, Treasury, Secretary of the Secretary ja:アメリカ合衆国財務長官

Nantucket

This article is about the island, town, and county; there is also a census-designated place called Nantucket. ---- census-designated place called Nantucket Nantucket is an island south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Together with the small islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget, it constitutes the town of Nantucket, Massachusetts and the coextensive Nantucket County. The region of Surfside on Nantucket is the southernmost settlement in Massachusetts. Nantucket is known as a tourist destination and summer colony. It has some of the highest property values in Massachusetts. The population of the island nearly triples during the summer months, due to tourists and summer residents.

Name

The name is Wampanoag or Narraganset, from nai-an, "sharp" or "excessive"(an) combined with "corner", tuck, "tidal run", and the locative ending, -et: :nai-an-tuck-et :"Tidal run around a sharp corner" with reference to Nantucket Harbor being separated from Nantucket Sound by a point. Bond identifies the dialect as "southern New England." Roger Williams spelled it as Nianticut in 1636.

History

Nantucket was part of Dukes County, New York until 1691, when it was transferred to Massachusetts as a separate county. 1691 Nantucket was formerly the world's leading whaling port (and still serves as home port for a small fishing industry). Herman Melville comments on Nantucket's whaling dominance in Moby Dick, Chapter 14: "Two thirds of this terraqueous globe are the Nantucketer's. For the sea is his; he owns it, as Emperors own empires" The many whalers who once lived on Nantucket are the origin of the mythopoeic "man from Nantucket", typically a sexually perverse and hypersexualized persona, celebrated in the first line of countless limericks, a popular poetic genre in whaling culture. On July 25, 1956, 51 people were killed in the collision of the Italian ocean liner SS Andrea Doria with the SS Stockholm in heavy fog 45 miles south of Nantucket. In 1977, Nantucket and Martha's Vineyard unsuccessfully attempted to secede from the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The secession vote was sparked by a proposed change to the Massachusetts Constitution, which reduced the islands' representation in the state legislature. On October 31, 1999, EgyptAir Flight 990 traveling from New York City to Cairo crashed off the coast of Nantucket, killing all 217 on board. Cairo The eastern coast of Nantucket was the first place in the U.S. to see the first sunrise of the new millenium.

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, Nantucket County has a total area of 786 km² (304 mi²). 124 km² (48 mi²) of it is land and 663 km² (256 mi²) of it is water. The total area of the county is 84.25% water. The area of Nantucket Island proper is 123.8 km² (47.8 mi²). The triangular region of ocean northeast of Nantucket, between it and Cape Cod, is Nantucket Sound. The entire island, as well as the adjoining islands of Tuckernuck and Muskeget, comprise both the Town of Nantucket and the County of Nantucket. The main settlement, also called Nantucket, is located at the western end of Nantucket Harbor, where it opens into Nantucket Sound. Key localities on the island include Madaket, Surfside, Polpis, Wauwinet and Siasconset.

Demographics

Nantucket Sound As of the census ² of 2000, there are 9,520 people, 3,699 households, and 2,104 families residing in Nantucket. The population density is 76.9/km² (199.1/mi²). There are 9,210 housing units at an average density of 74.4/km² (192.6/mi²). The racial makeup of the town is 87.85% White, 8.29% African American, 0.64% Asian, 0.04% Pacific Islander, 0.01% Native American, 1.60% from other races, and 1.58% from two or more races. 2.23% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 3,699 households out of which 26.9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% are married couples living together, 8.0% have a female householder with no husband present, and 43.1% are non-families. 29.8% of all households are made up of individuals and 8.0% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.37 and the average family size is 2.90. In the town the population is spread out with 19.2% under the age of 18, 7.4% from 18 to 24, 40.4% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 37 years. For every 100 females there are 105.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 105.0 males. The median income for a household for year-round residents in the town is $55,522, and the median income for a family is $66,786. Males have a median income of $41,116 versus $31,608 for females. The per capita income for the town is $31,314. 7.5% of the population and 3.0% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 2.3% of those under the age of 18 and 7.1% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

Trivia

poverty line Island, Massachusetts ca. November, 2000]] Nantucket is home to the mythical "man from Nantucket" made famous in countless obscene limericks.

References

- Bond, C. Lawrence, Native Names of New England Towns and Villages, privately published by C. Lawrence Bond, Topsfield, Massachusetts, 1991.

External links

- [http://www.nantucket-ma.gov/ Town of Nantucket]
- [http://www.nantucketatheneum.org/ Nantucket library]
- [http://www.shuttlenantucket.com/ Nantucket Regional Transit Authority]
- [http://www.nantucketchamber.org/ Nantucket Island Chamber of Commerce]
- [http://www.ack.net/ Nantucket Inquirer and Mirror], the local newspaper
- [http://www.nha.org/ Nantucket Historical Association]
- [http://nantucketfilmfestival.org/ Nantucket Film Festival] Annual film festival, held in June and aimed at screenwriters
- [http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/MA/Nantucket/state.html Listing for Nantucket County] and for the [http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/MA/Nantucket/districts.html Nantucket Historic District], in the National Register of Historic Places
- [http://www.flickr.com/photos/tags/nantucket/ Flickr: Photos tagged with nantucket], photos likely of Nantucket, Massachusetts Category:Coastal towns of Massachusetts Category:Islands of Massachusetts Category:Massachusetts counties Category:Nantucket County, Massachusetts Category:Nantucket, Massachusetts Category:Towns in Massachusetts

New York Senate

The New York State Senate is one of two houses in the New York State Legislature and has members each elected to two-year terms. The state Constitution provides that the default membership be fifty members. However, it also provides that if any county would by virtue of its population be entitled to more than three Senators, then the first three Senators would count towards the limit of fifty, while the remainder would be in addition to the fifty. Currently, there are twelve additional Senators (who are in terms of legislative power equal to any other Senators), making the total membership 62. The Senate is headed by the President, a post held ex officio by the State Lieutenant Governor. The Senate President has only a casting vote. More often, the Senate is presided over by the Temporary President, who is also the Majority Leader.

Current party composition of the Senate

Current Senate Office-Bearers

Republican National Convention

The Republican National Convention, held every four years, is the presidential nominating convention of the Republican Party of the United States. Convened by the Republican National Committee, the stated purpose of the convocation is to nominate an official candidate in the upcoming U.S. presidential election, and to adopt the party platform and rules for the election cycle. Like the Democratic National Convention, it signifies the end of the presidential primary season and the start of campaigning for the general election. In recent years, the nominee has been known well before the convention, leading many to oppose the convention as a mere public relations event and coronation. Historically, the convention was the final determinant of the nomination, and often contentious as various factions of party insiders maneuvered to advance their candidates. Since the almost universal adoption of the primary election for selecting delegates in the last quarter of the 20th century, however, the convention's significance has diminished. The national party focuses on the convention as a unity point to bring together a party platform and state parties. See List of Republican National Conventions for a listing of past conventions and host cities.

Delegations

The size of delegations to the Republican National Convention are determined by the national rules of the party, which as of 2004 indicate the following: # Ten delegates at large from each of the fifty states. # The national committeeman, the national committeewoman and the chairman of the state Republican Party of, each state and American Samoa, the District of Columbia, Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. # Three district delegates for each member of the United States House of Representatives from each state, six from DC, and between six and twenty delegates from each of the territories. # From each state having cast at least a majority of its Electoral College votes for the Republican nominee in the preceding presidential election: four and one-half delegates at large plus a number of the delegates at large equal to 60 percent of the number of electoral votes of that state, rounding any fraction upwards #one additional delegate at large to each state ##which elected a Republican governor since the preceding presidential election ##whose Republican members of the United States House of Representatives represent a majority of that state's representatives ##where Republicans control any chamber of the state legislature ##where Republicans control all chambers of the state legislature #one additional delegate to each state per Republican it elected to the United States Senate in the six-year period prior to January 1 of the year in which the next national convention is held. The composition of the individual state and territory delegations is determined by the bylaws of their respective state and territory parties. Since 1972, almost all have appointed delegates by primary election results, although some, notably Iowa, use caucuses, and others combine the primary with caucuses or with delegates elected at a state convention. In the past, competing factions of a state party sometimes drew up separate lists of delegates, each claiming to be the official one. One of the first agenda items at a convention is therefore credentialing, whereby the Credentials Committee determines which group is recognized as the official delegation.

History

The first convention of the fledgling Republican Party was held on July 6, 1854, in Jackson, Michigan, but the first to nominate a presidential candidate convened from June 17–19, 1856 at the Musical Fund Hall in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The 1860 convention nominated the first successful GOP presidential candidate, Abraham Lincoln of Illinois. The 1864 event, with the American Civil War raging, was branded as the "National Union Convention" as it included Democrats who remained loyal to the Union and nominated Democrat Andrew Johnson of Tennessee for Vice President. The 1912 Republican convention saw the business-oriented faction supporting William Howard Taft turn back a challenge from former president Theodore Roosevelt, who boasted broader popular support and even won a primary in Taft's home state of Ohio. Roosevelt would run on the Progressive Party ticket, handing the election to Democrat Woodrow Wilson. The convention of 1940 was the first national convention of any party broadcast on television. It was carried by NBC affiliate W2XBS in New York City. The growing importance of primaries became evident at the 1964 Republican National Convention in San Francisco, California, where Arizona Senator Barry Goldwater won the nomination, easily turning away Representative William Scranton and others more favorable to the party establishment. It was the convention where an NBC News correspondent refused to cede his spot on the floor for a group of young Goldwater supporters, to sign off when security personnel arrived that "I've been promised bail, ladies and gentlemen, by my office. This is John Chancellor, somewhere in custody." Similarly, former California Governor Ronald Reagan nearly toppled incumbent President Gerald Ford at the 1976 convention by securing a large bloc of votes in the North Carolina primary. It is the last convention of either major party where the outcome of the nomination battle was in doubt. Pat Buchanan delivered a speech condemning the culture war in American society at the 1992 Republican National Convention in Houston, Texas. It was widely criticized for supposedly alienating liberal and centrist voters who might otherwise have voted for the moderate nominee, George H. W. Bush. Division in the party was evident too at the 1996 convention, at which more moderate party members such as California governor Pete Wilson and Massachusetts Governor William Weld unsuccessfully sought to remove the Human Life Amendment plank from the party platform. The 2004 Republican National Convention, the first-ever Republican convention in New York City, posed unprecedented security challenges due to its location at Madison Square Garden in the heart of Manhattan directly over Pennsylvania Station. Protests were held during the course of the convention. Category:U.S. Republican Party Category:U.S. presidential nominating conventions
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New York Court of Appeals

right The Court of Appeals is New York's highest appellate court, created in 1847. It consists of seven judges—one chief judge and six associate judges—who are now appointed by the governor to 14-year terms, having formerly been elected. In New York, unlike most other states of the U.S., the court designated as the "Supreme Court" is the trial court rather than the highest court of the state; this nomenclature sometimes leads to confusion. Another quirk that leads to confusion is in the titles of the jurists who sit on the court. In most states and the federal court system, members of the highest court are titled "Justices". In New York, the members of the Court of Appeals are titled "Judges". The Court's most famous judge is Benjamin Cardozo, who decided many landmark cases during his tenure, including Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co. During the late 20th century, the most famous judge on the Court of Appeals was Chief Judge Sol Wachtler, who was elected to the court in 1972 and appointed Chief Judge in 1985. He was renowned for the fine quality of his legal opinions. Wachtler's career ended disastrously in November 1992 when the FBI arrested him for stalking a wealthy woman with whom he had previously been having an affair.

Judges of the Court of Appeals of New York

- Fritz W. Alexander, II (1985-1992)
- William Fitch Allen (1870-1878)
- Charles Andrews (1870-1897)
- William S. Andrews (1917-1928)
- Edward T. Bartlett (1894-1910)
- Willard Bartlett (1906-1916)
- Joseph W. Bellacosa (1897-1999)
- Francis Bergan (1963-1972)
- Charles D. Breitel (1967-1978)
- Greene Carrier Bronson (1847-1851)
- John W. Brown (1857, 1865)
- Adrian P. Burke (1954-1973)
- Daniel Cady (1849-1855)
- Benjamin N. Cardozo (1914-1932)
- Emory A. Chase (1906-1921)
- Sanford E. Church (1870-1880)
- Carmen Beauchamp Ciparick (1994-present)
- Frederick Collin (1910-1920)
- George F. Comstock (1855-1861)
- Albert Conway (1940-1959)
- Lawrence H. Cooke (1974-1984)
- Frederick E. Crane (1917-1939)
- William H. Cuddeback (1912-1919)
- Edgar M. Cullen (1900-1913)
- George R. Danforth (1878-1889)
- Henry E. Davies (1859-1867)
- Hiram Denio (1853-1866)
- Charles S. Desmond (1940-1966)
- Marvin R. Dye (1944-1965)
- Robert Earl (1868-1894)
- Abram I. Elkus (1919-1920)
- Edward Ridley Finch (1935-1943)
- Francis M. Finch (1880-1895)
- Charles J. Folger (1870-1881)
- Charles W. Froessel (1949-1962)
- Jacob J. Fuchsberg (1974-1983)
- Stanley H. Fuld (1946-1973)
- Domenick L. Gabrielli (1972-1982)
- Addison Gardiner (1847-1855)
- James Gibson (1969-1972)
- Victoria A. Graffeo (2000-present)
- Charles Gray (1847-1848)
- John Clinton Gray (1888-1913)
- Philo Gridley (1852)
- Martin Grover (1867-1875)
- Albert Haight (1891-1912)
- Stewart F. Hancock, Jr. (1986-1993)
- Samuel Hand (1878-1879)
- Ira Harris (1850, 1858)
- Frank H. Hiscock (1906-1926)
- John W. Hogan (1912-1923)
- William B. Hornblower (1914)
- Irving G. Hubbs (1928-1939)
- Ward Hunt (1865-1870)
- Matthew J. Jasen (1967-1985)
- Freeborn G. Jewett (1846-1853)
- Alexander S. Johnson (1873-1873)
- Hugh R. Jones (1972-1984)
- Samuel Jones (1847-1848)
- Judith S. Kaye (1983-present)
- Kenneth B. Keating (1965-1969)
- Henry Theodore Kellogg (1926-1934)
- Irving Lehman (1923-1945)
- Howard A. Levine (1993-present)
- Edmund H. Lewis (1940-1954)
- John A. Lott (1869-1870)
- John T. Loughran (1934-1953)
- Celora E. Martin (1895-1904)
- Chester B. Mclaughlin (1917-1926)
- George Zerdin Medalie (1945-1946)
- Bernard S. Meyer (1979-1986)
- Nathan L. Miller (1913-1915)
- Theodore Miller (1874-1887)
- Denis O'Brien (1889-1907)
- John F. O'Brien (1927-1934)
- Alonzo C. Paige (1851, 1857)
- Alton Brooks Parker (1897-1904)
- Amasa J. Parker (1853-1855)
- Rufus Wheeler Peckham, Jr. (1886-1895)
- Rufus Wheeler Peckham, Sr. (1870-1872)
- John K. Porter (1865-1868)
- Cuthbert W. Pound (1915-1934)
- Charles A. Rapallo (1870-1887)
- Harlan Watson Rippey (1936-1944)
- Albert M. Rosenblatt (1998-present)
- William C. Ruger (1882-1892)
- Charles Herman Ruggles (1847-1855)
- John F. Scileppi (1962-1972)
- Samuel Seabury (1914-1916)
- Charles Brown Sears (1940)
- Henry Rogers Selden (1862-1865)
- Samuel Lee Selden (1856-1862)
- William Henry Shankland (1849)
- Richard D. Simons (1982-1997)
- George Bundy Smith (1992-present)
- Harold A. Stevens (1974)
- Jacob Sutherland (1787-1845)
- Thomas D. Thacher (1943-1948)
- Vito J. Titone (1985-1998)
- Benjamin F. Tracy (1881-1882)
- Irving G. Vann (1895-1912)
- John Van Voorhis (1953-1967)
- Sol Wachtler (1973-1992)
- William E. Werner (1900-1916)
- Richard C. Wesley (1997-present)
- William B. Wright (1861-1868)

External links

- [http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ctapps/ New York State Court of Appeals]
- [http://www.courts.state.ny.us/ New York State Unified Court System] Category:New York state courts New York

Geneva, New York

: For other places with this name, see Geneva. ---- Geneva is a city located in Ontario County, New York, USA. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 13,617. It is named after the city and canton of Geneva in Switzerland. The City of Geneva is located by the eastern border of the county and is inside the Town of Geneva on US Route 20. The city claims to be the "Lake trout capital of the world."

History

The site was originally the Seneca Native American village of Kanadasaga. That village was abandoned following its destruction by the punitive Sullivan Expedition of 1779, but resettled by Europeans around 1793 as a town developed by the Pulteney Association. The "Village of Geneva" was incorporated in 1806, formally separating it from the surrounding area of Geneva Town. Later the village became a city.

Geography

Geneva lies at the northern end of the Seneca Lake, in the Finger Lakes region, the largest wine-producing area in New York State. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 15.2 km² (5.8 mi²). 11.0 km² (4.3 mi²) of it is land and 4.1 km² (1.6 mi²) of it is water. The total area is 27.18% water.

Notable natives

- Elizabeth Blackwell, the first woman to become qualified as a medical doctor in the United States, studied here, graduating from the medical school at what was then Geneva College in 1849.
- Red Jacket, the Seneca political leader was reportedly born near Geneva.

Colleges and universities

- Finger Lakes Community College, is "The right place to start." It is a two-year college affiliated with the State University of New York. The college has three locations: Canandaigua, being its main campus, Geneva, and Newark, New York. It serves the needs of several counties in the Finger Lakes region of New York.
- Hobart and William Smith Colleges, the successor institution to Geneva College.
- The New York State Agricultural Experiment Station of Cornell University's College of Agriculture and Life Sciences

Demographics

As of the census ² of 2000, there are 13,617 people, 5,014 households, and 2,933 families residing in the city. The population density is 1,234.2/km² (3,199.5/mi²). There are 5,564 housing units at an average density of 504.3/km² (1,307.4/mi²). The racial makeup of the city is 81.52% White, 10.22% African American, 0.25% Native American, 1.23% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 3.39% from other races, and 3.34% from two or more races. 8.50% of the population are Hispanic or Latino of any race. There are 5,014 households out of which 29.5% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.6% are married couples living together, 15.9% have a female householder with no husband present, and 41.5% are non-families. 34.1% of all households are made up of individuals and 14.8% have someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size is 2.35 and the average family size is 3.03. In the city the population is spread out with 23.2% under the age of 18, 18.9% from 18 to 24, 24.3% from 25 to 44, 18.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age is 32 years. For every 100 females there are 87.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there are 84.5 males. The median income for a household in the city is $31,600, and the median income for a family is $41,224. Males have a median income of $31,315 versus $23,054 for females. The per capita income for the city is $15,609. 17.5% of the population and 13.7% of families are below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 27.2% of those under the age of 18 and 7.8% of those 65 and older are living below the poverty line.

External links

- [http://www.geneva.ny.us City's web site]
- [http://www.genevany.com Chamber of Commerce web site]
- [http://www.genevacsd.org/ School District web site]
- [http://history.rays-place.com/ny/geneva-1.htm Early history of Geneva area] Category:Ontario County, New York Category:Cities in New York

Chester A. Arthur

Chester Alan Arthur (October 5, 1829 – November 18, 1886) was an American politician who served as 21st President of the United States. Arthur was a member of the Republican Party and worked as a lawyer before becoming the 20th Vice President in the administration of James Garfield. Garfield was shot by Charles Guiteau, a disgruntled office seeker, on July 2, 1881. Garfield died on September 19, and Arthur became President, serving until 1885. Before entering national politics, Arthur had been Collector of Customs for the Port of New York. He was appointed by President Ulysses Grant but was fired by Grant's successor, Rutherford Hayes, under (false) suspicion of bribery and corruption because he was part of the Tammany Hall political machine. His notable achievements in office as President included civil service reform and the passage of the Pendleton Act. Arthur is also remembered as one of the most society-conscious presidents, earning the nickname "the Gentleman Boss" for his style of dress and courtly manner, and was widely popular by the time he left office; in fact, not one but four young women (ignorant of Arthur's pronouncement that he would never marry again) proposed to him on the day he left office. He was also sometimes called "Elegant Arthur" for his commitment to fashionable attire. He was said to have "looked like a president". He kept 80 pairs of pants in his wardrobe, and changed pants several times a day. He was called "Chet" by family and friends. Interestingly, Arthur pronounced his middle name, Alan, with the stress on the second syllable -- "Al-AN." Arthur suffered from Bright's Disease and died of a cerebral hemorrhage, most likely related to a history of hypertension, approximately twenty-four hours after being found unconscious by his nurse.

Biography

nurseArthur was born in the town of Fairfield in Franklin County, Vermont on October 5, 1829 (although he told people that he was born in 1830). Political rivals long circulated the rumor that he had been born in Canada rather than in Vermont, hoping to create doubts as to his eligibility for American public office. The truth, however, was simply that Arthur was born near the Canadian border. His parents were William Arthur and Malvina Stone. He attended the public schools and was graduated from Union College, Schenectady, New York, in 1848. He became principal of an academy in North Pownal, Vermont in 1851. He studied law, was admitted to the bar in 1854, and commenced practice in New York City, supporting equal rights for blacks who objected to the segregation of city transportation. He also took an active part in the reorganization of the New York State militia. Arthur married Ellen "Nell" Lewis Herndon on October 25,1859. In 1860, the couple had a son, William Lewis Herndon Arthur, who was named after Mrs. Arthur's father. William Lewis died at age two of a brain disorder. Another boy, Chester Alan Arthur II, was born in 1864, and a girl, named Ellen Herndon for her mother, in 1871. Ellen Lewis Herndon Arthur died of pneumonia on January 12, 1880, at the age of 42, 10 months before Arthur was elected Vice President. While in the White House, Arthur would not give anyone the place that would have been his wife's. He asked his sister Mary (Mrs. John E. McElroy) to assume certain social duties and help care for his daughter. During the Civil War, Arthur served as acting quartermaster general of the state in 1861 and was widely praised for his service. He was later commissioned as inspector general, and appointed quartermaster general with the rank of Brigadier General, and served until 1862. He resumed the practice of law in New York City. With the help of Arthur's patron and political boss Roscoe Conkling, Arthur was appointed by President Ulysses Grant as Collector of the port of New York from 1871 to 1878. This was an extremely lucrative and powerful position at the time, and several of Arthur's predecessors had run afoul of the law while serving as Collector. Honorable in his personal life and his public career, Arthur nevertheless was a firm believer in the spoils system even as it was coming under vehement attack from reformers. He insisted upon honest administration of the Customs House, but staffed it with more employees than it really needed, retaining some for their loyalty as party workers rather than for their skill as public servants. In 1878 President Rutherford Hayes, attempting to reform the Customs House, ousted Arthur, who resumed the practice of law in New York City. Conkling and his followers tried to win redress by fighting for the renomination of Grant at the 1880 Republican Convention. Failing in that, they reluctantly accepted the nomination of Arthur for the Vice Presidency. Arthur was elected Vice President of the United States on the Republican ticket with President James Garfield for the term beginning March 4, 1881. Upon the assassination of President Garfield, Arthur became President of the United States on September 19, 1881 and was sworn in September 20th

Presidency

September 20th Avoiding old political cronies, Arthur determined to go his own way once in the White House. He became a man of fashion in his garb and associates, and often was seen with the elite of Washington, D.C., New York, and Newport. To the indignation of the Stalwart Republicans, the onetime Collector of the Port of New York became, as President, a champion of civil service reform. Public pressure, heightened by the assassination of Garfield, forced an unwieldy Congress to heed the President. In 1883 Congress passed the Pendleton Act, which established a bipartisan Civil Service Commission, forbade levying political assessments against officeholders, and provided for a "classified system" that made certain Government positions obtainable only through competitive written examinations. The system protected employees against removal for political reasons. Acting independently of party dogma, Arthur also tried to lower tariff rates so the Government would not be embarrassed by annual surpluses of revenue. Congress raised about as many rates as it trimmed, but Arthur signed the Tariff Act of 1883 anyway. Aggrieved Westerners and Southerners looked to the Democratic Party for redress, and the tariff began to emerge as a major political issue between the two parties. The Arthur Administration enacted the first general Federal immigration law. Arthur approved a measure in 1882 excluding paupers, criminals, and the mentally ill. Congress also suspended Chinese immigration for ten years, later making the restriction permanent. In 1884 the International Meridian Conference was held in Washington at President Arthur's behest. This established the Greenwich Meridian which is still in use today. President Arthur demonstrated that he was above factions within the Republican Party, if indeed not above the party itself. Perhaps in part his reason was the well-kept secret he had known since a year after he succeeded to the Presidency, that he was suffering from Bright's Disease, a fatal kidney disease (see 'Presidential disability prior to 1967' in Acting President of the United States). Arthur kept himself in the running for the Presidential nomination in 1884 in order not to appear that he feared defeat, but was not renominated. Publisher Alexander K. McClure wrote, "No man ever entered the Presidency so profoundly and widely distrusted, and no one ever retired ... more generally respected." Author Mark Twain, deeply cynical of politicians, conceded, "It would be hard indeed to better President Arthur's administration."

Cabinet

Significant events during presidency

- Standard Oil founded (1882)
- Chinese Exclusion Act (1882)
- Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (1883)
- Civil Rights Cases (1883)

Post presidency

Arthur served as president through March 3, 1885. Upon leaving office, he returned to New York City where he died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage at 5:10 a.m. on Thursday November 18, 1886, at the age of 57. His time as a former president was the second shortest, longer only of that of James Polk. Chester was buried next to Ellen in the Arthur family plot in the Albany Rural Cemetery in Albany, New York, in a large sarcophagus on a large corner plot that contains the graves of many of his family members and ancestors.

External links

- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/arthur-1.html First State of the Union Address of Chester A. Arthur]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/arthur-2.html Second State of the Union Address of Chester A. Arthur]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/arthur-3.html Third State of the Union Address of Chester A. Arthur]
- [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/arthur-4.html Fourth State of the Union Address of Chester A. Arthur]
- [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ca21.html White House Biography]
- Arthur, Chester A. Arthur, Chester A. Arthur, Chester A. Arthur, Chester Arthur, Chester A. Arthur, Chester A. Arthur, Chester A. Arthur, Chester Arthur, Chester A. ko:체스터 A. 아서 ja:チェスター・A・アーサー simple:Chester A. Arthur

Category:U.S. Secretaries of the Treasury

See United States Secretary of the Treasury for a description of the office and a chronological list of the secretaries. Secretary of the Treasury Treasury United States

Category:New York Court of Appeals judges

Category:New York state courts Category:State supreme court judges in the U.S.

Category:1818 births

ko:분류:1818년 태어남 ja:Category:1818年生

POSH

Kategorie:Wikipedia:Löschkandidat Die Diskussion über diesen Antrag findet auf der Löschkandidatenseite statt.
Hier der konkrete Grund, warum dieser Artikel nicht den Qualitätsanforderungen entsprechen soll: Ein englischer Wörterbucheintrag, der zudem schlicht falsch ist. Die Herleitung des Wortes ist eine spätere Erfindung und wird von meinem englischen etymologischen Wörterbuch als „substanzlos“ bezeichnet. --::Slomox:: >< 19:31, 25. Nov 2005 (CET) ---- POSH (Port Outward bound, Starboard Homeward bound (dt. backbord auf der Hinreise, steuerbord auf der Heimreise)) ist die alte Bezeichnung der Luxusklasse auf Schiffen, die zwischen England und Indien verkehrten. Auf der Hinfahrt lag Süden zumeist rechts (steuerbord), so dass es wegen der Hitze zweckmäßig war, seine Kabine auf der linken Seite (also backbord) zu haben, auf der Rückfahrt war es umgekehrt. Heute wird es verallgemeinert als Synomym für "luxuriös" benutzt. Allerdings wird diese Herkunft des Wortes inzwischen bestritten. Demnach gab es den Ausdruck Posh schon zu Zeiten Shakespears und bezeichnete schon damals einen gutsituierten Lebemann und aus den Unterlagen der den Indienverkehr größtenteils abwicklenden P&O-Linie ginge hervor, dass die Kabinen auf beiden Seiten jeweils gleich teuer gewesen wären. (Graeme Donald zitiert von Walter Krämer) Kategorie:Abkürzung Kategorie:Schifffahrt

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